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Galasso, H. L., Richard, M., Lefebvre, S., Aliaume, C., & Callier, M. D. (2018). Body size and temperature effects on standard metabolic rate for determining metabolic scope for activity of the polychaete Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor. PeerJ, 6, e5675.
Résumé: Considering the ecological importance and potential value of Hediste diversicolor, a better understanding of its metabolic rate and potential growth rates is required. The aims of this study are: (i) to describe key biometric relationships; (ii) to test the effects of temperature and body size on standard metabolic rate (as measure by oxygen consumption) to determine critical parameters, namely Arrhenius temperature (T-A), allometric coefficient (b) and reaction rate; and (iii) to determine the metabolic scope for activity (MSA) of H. diversicolor for further comparison with published specific growth rates. Individuals were collected in a Mediterranean lagoon (France). After 10 days of acclimatization, 7 days at a fixed temperature and 24 h of fasting, resting oxygen consumption rates (VO2) were individually measured in the dark at four different temperatures (11, 17, 22 and 27 degrees C) in worms weighing from 4 to 94 mgDW (n = 27 per temperature). Results showed that DW and L3 were the most accurate measurements of weight and length, respectively, among all the metrics tested. Conversion of WW (mg), DW (mg) and L3 (mm) were quantified with the following equations: DW = 0.15 x WW, L3 = 0.025 x TL(mm) + 1.44 and DW = 0.8 x L3(3.68). Using an equation based on temperature and allometric effects, the allometric coefficient (b) was estimated at 0.8 for DW and at 2.83 for L3. The reaction rate (VO2) equaled to 12.33 mu mol gDW(-1) h(-1) and 0.05 mu mol mm L3(-1) h(-)(1) at the reference temperature (20 degrees C, 293.15 K). Arrhenius temperature (T-A) was 5,707 and 5,664 K (for DW and L3, respectively). Metabolic scope for activity ranged from 120.1 to 627.6 J gDW(-1) d(-1). Predicted maximum growth rate increased with temperature, with expected values of 7-10% in the range of 15-20 degrees C. MSA was then used to evaluate specific growth rates (SGR) in several experiments. This paper may be used as a reference and could have interesting applications in the fields of aquaculture, ecology and biogeochemical processes.
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Lefevre, S., Mckenzie, D. J., & Nilsson, G. E. (2017). Models projecting the fate of fish populations under climate change need to be based on valid physiological mechanisms. Glob. Change Biol., 23(9), 3449–3459.
Résumé: Some recent modelling papers projecting smaller fish sizes and catches in a warmer future are based on erroneous assumptions regarding (i) the scaling of gills with body mass and (ii) the energetic cost of 'maintenance'. Assumption (i) posits that insurmountable geometric constraints prevent respiratory surface areas from growing as fast as body volume. It is argued that these constraints explain allometric scaling of energy metabolism, whereby larger fishes have relatively lower mass-specific metabolic rates. Assumption (ii) concludes that when fishes reach a certain size, basal oxygen demands will not be met, because of assumption (i). We here demonstrate unequivocally, by applying accepted physiological principles with reference to the existing literature, that these assumptions are not valid. Gills are folded surfaces, where the scaling of surface area to volume is not constrained by spherical geometry. The gill surface area can, in fact, increase linearly in proportion to gill volume and body mass. We cite the large body of evidence demonstrating that respiratory surface areas in fishes reflect metabolic needs, not vice versa, which explains the large interspecific variation in scaling of gill surface areas. Finally, we point out that future studies basing their predictions on models should incorporate factors for scaling of metabolic rate and for temperature effects on metabolism, which agree with measured values, and should account for interspecific variation in scaling and temperature effects. It is possible that some fishes will become smaller in the future, but to make reliable predictions the underlying mechanisms need to be identified and sought elsewhere than in geometric constraints on gill surface area. Furthermore, to ensure that useful information is conveyed to the public and policymakers about the possible effects of climate change, it is necessary to improve communication and congruity between fish physiologists and fisheries scientists.
Mots-Clés: aerobic scope; coryphaena-hippurus; energy-demand teleosts; gadus-morhua l; gill surface area; growth; makaira-nigricans; marlin tetrapturus-albidus; metabolism; metabolism-size relationship; oxygen consumption; oxygen-consumption; ram ventilation; Respiration; scaling; swimming performance; tuna katsuwonus-pelamis
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McKenzie, D. J., Skov, P. V., Taylor, E. W. T., Wang, T., & Steffensen, J. F. (2009). Abolition of reflex bradycardia by cardiac vagotomy has no effect on the regulation of oxygen uptake by Atlantic cod in progressive hypoxia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol., 153(3), 332–338.
Résumé: The functional significance of chemoreflexive hypoxic bradycardia was explored in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. (mean mass similar to 800 g, acclimated to a seawater temperature of 11 degrees C) by investigating responses to progressive hypoxia following section of the cardiac branches of cranial nerve X Cardiac denervation had no effect on oxygen uptake rate (M(O2)), gill ventilation rate (f(G)) or opercular pressure amplitude (P(OP)) under normoxic conditions, but caused a significant increase in heart rate (f(H)), to 50 +/- 1 beats min(-1) by comparison to 40 +/- 2 beats min(-1) in sham-operated cod (mean +/- s.e.m., n=9). Sham-operated cod exhibited transient profound bradycardia following oxygen chemoreceptor stimulation by bolus injection of sodium cyanide into the buccal cavity (2 mg in 2 ml seawater), but this cardiac chemoreflex was abolished in denervated cod. Both groups, however, exhibited similar marked transient chemoreflexive hyperventilation following NaCN. When exposed from normoxia (PO(2)similar to 18 kPa) to progressive hypoxia at nominal water PO(2)'S of 8, 6, 5, 4 and 3 kPa, both groups exhibited the same pattern of homeostatic regulation of M(O2), with no significant difference in their mean critical PO(2) (P(crit)) values, which were 7.40 +/- 0.81 kPa and 8.73 +/- 0.71 kPa, respectively (n=9). Both groups exhibited significant bradycardia during progressive hypoxia, although denervated fish always had higher mean f(H). The incipient threshold for bradycardia coincided with P(crit) in sham-operated cod whereas, in denervates, the threshold was below their P(crit) and bradycardia presumably reflected direct effects of hypoxia on the myocardium. The sham-operated group displayed a significantly more pronounced ventilatory response than denervates in hypoxia, in particular for P(OP). In sham-operated cod, peak ventilatory responses occurred in deep hypoxia below P(crit) whereas, in denervates, more modest peak responses coincided with Pit and, in deep hypoxia, they exhibited a significant decline in f(G) below their normoxic rate. Only a minority of shams lost equilibrium in hypoxia whereas a majority of denervates did, some of which failed to recover. The results indicate that chemoreflexive bradycardia plays no role in the homeostatic regulation of oxygen uptake by cod in hypoxia, but does contribute to maintenance of overall functional integrity below P(crit). (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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