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BECHELER, R., BENKARA, E., MOALIC, Y., HILY, C., & ARNAUD-HAOND, S. (2014). Scaling of processes shaping the clonal dynamics and genetic mosaic of seagrasses through temporal genetic monitoring. Heredity, 112(2), 114–121.
Résumé: Theoretically, the dynamics of clonal and genetic diversities of clonal plant populations are strongly influenced by the competition among clones and rate of seedling recruitment, but little empirical assessment has been made of such dynamics through temporal genetic surveys. We aimed to quantify 3 years of evolution in the clonal and genetic composition of Zostera marina meadows, comparing parameters describing clonal architecture and genetic diversity at nine microsatellite markers. Variations in clonal structure revealed a decrease in the evenness of ramet distribution among genets. This illustrates the increasing dominance of some clonal lineages (multilocus lineages, MLLs) in populations. Despite the persistence of these MLLs over time, genetic differentiation was much stronger in time than in space, at the local scale. Contrastingly with the short-term evolution of clonal architecture, the patterns of genetic structure and genetic diversity sensu stricto (that is, heterozygosity and allelic richness) were stable in time. These results suggest the coexistence of (i) a fine grained (at the scale of a 20 x 30 m quadrat) stable core of persistent genets originating from an initial seedling recruitment and developing spatial dominance through clonal elongation; and (ii) a local (at the scale of the meadow) pool of transient genets subjected to annual turnover. This simultaneous occurrence of initial and repeated recruitment strategies highlights the different spatial scales at which distinct evolutionary drivers and mating systems (clonal competition, clonal growth, propagule dispersal and so on) operate to shape the dynamics of populations and the evolution of polymorphism in space and time.
Mots-Clés: clonality; Seagrass; spatio-temporal genetic structure; Zostera marina
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Becheler, R., Cassone, A. - L., Noel, P., Mouchel, O., Morrison, C. L., & Arnaud-Haond, S. (2017). Low incidence of clonality in cold water corals revealed through the novel use of a standardized protocol adapted to deep sea sampling. Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr., 145, 120–130.
Résumé: Sampling in the deep sea is a technical challenge, which has hindered the acquisition of robust datasets that are necessary to determine the fine-grained biological patterns and processes that may shape genetic diversity. Estimates of the extent of clonality in deep-sea species, despite the importance of clonality in shaping the local dynamics and evolutionary trajectories, have been largely obscured by such limitations. Cold-water coral reefs along European margins are formed mainly by two reef-building species, Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata. Here we present a fine-grained analysis of the genotypic and genetic composition of reefs occurring in the Bay of Biscay, based on an innovative deep-sea sampling protocol. This strategy was designed to be standardized, random, and allowed the georeferencing of all sampled colonies. Clonal lineages discriminated through their Multi-Locus Genotypes (MLG) at 6-7 microsatellite markers could thus be mapped to assess the level of clonality and the spatial spread of clonal lineages. High values of clonal richness were observed for both species across all sites suggesting a limited occurrence of clonality, which likely originated through fragmentation. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation analysis underlined the possible occurrence of fine-grained genetic structure in several populations of both L. pertusa and M. oculata. The two cold-water coral species examined had contrasting patterns of connectivity among canyons, with among-canyon genetic structuring detected in M. oculata, whereas L. pertusa was panmictic at the canyon scale. This study exemplifies that a standardized, random and georeferenced sampling strategy, while challenging, can be applied in the deep sea, and associated benefits outlined here include improved estimates of fine grained patterns of clonality and dispersal that are comparable across sites and among species.
Mots-Clés: diversity; dispersal; disturbance; Lophelia pertusa; Madrepora oculata; organisms; population-structure; asexual reproduction; Clonality; Cold-water coral; Fine-grained spatial genetic structure; gorgonian coral; lophelia-pertusa; pertusa linnaeus 1758; spatial genetic-structure; Standardized sampling
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Handal, W., Szostek, C., Hold, N., Andrello, M., Thiebaut, E., Harney, E., et al. (2020). New insights on the population genetic structure of the great scallop (Pecten maximus) in the English Channel, coupling microsatellite data and demogenetic simulations. Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst., 30(10), 1841–1853.
Résumé: The great scallop (Pecten maximus) is a commercially important bivalve in Europe, particularly in the English Channel, where fisheries are managed at regional and local scales through the regulation of fishing effort. In the long term, knowledge about larval dispersal and gene flow between populations is essential to ensure proper stock management. Yet, previous population genetic studies have reported contradictory results. In this study, scallop samples collected across the main fishing grounds along the French and English coasts of the English Channel (20 samples with temporal replicates for three sites,n= 1059 individuals), and the population genetic structure was analysed using 13 microsatellite loci. Coupling empirical genetic data with demogenetic modelling based on a biophysical model simulating larval exchanges among scallop beds revealed a subtle genetic differentiation between south-west English populations and the rest of the English Channel, which was consistent with larval dispersal simulations. The present study provides a step forward in the understanding of great scallop population biology in the English Channel, underlining the fact that even in a context of potentially high gene flow and recent divergence times since the end of the last glacial maximum, weak but significant spatial genetic structure can be identified at a regional scale.
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Jensen, M. P., FitzSimmons, N. N., Bourjea, J., Hamabata, T., Reece, J., & Dutton, P. H. (2019). The evolutionary history and global phylogeography of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Journal of Biogeography, 46(5), 860–870.
Résumé: Aim To examine the genetic structure and global phylogeography of the endangered green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, in light of past climatic events and current conservation needs. Location Tropical and subtropical beaches around the world. Methods We analysed 386 base pairs of the mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region of 4,878 individual nesting green turtle samples from 127 rookeries globally. We used phylogeographic analysis to assess how demographic history, dispersal and barriers to gene flow have led to the current distribution of mtDNA lineages. Results We identified 11 divergent lineages that were tied to specific biogeographical regions. The phylogenetic analyses revealed an ancient origin for the species centred in the Indo-Pacific and more recent colonization of the Central/Eastern Pacific as well as the Atlantic Basin. Overall the phylogeographic structure was strong but with a clear pattern of regional connectivity among rookeries. A Large genetic separation was found where there were obvious barriers to dispersal such as between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and across the Pacific Ocean, as well as less obvious barriers to dispersal. Admixture of mtDNA haplotype lineages was detected at latitudinal extremes across the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean resulting in these areas being nucleotide diversity hotspots. The highest regional genetic diversity and high endemic richness was observed in the SW Pacific, NW Pacific, SW Indian and NW Indian oceans. Main conclusions Past climatic fluctuations greatly affected the distribution of genetic diversity in the highly migratory green turtle. Our data suggest that past climatic events influenced local populations in different ways and the species appears to have survived the last glaciations in multiple glacial refugia.
Mots-Clés: marine; mtDNA; conservation units; genetic hotspots; genetic structure; sea turtle
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