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Baselga, A., & Leprieur, F. (2015). Comparing methods to separate components of beta diversity. Methods Ecol Evol, 6(9), 1069–1079.
Résumé: * Two alternative frameworks have been proposed to partition compositional dissimilarity into replacement and nestedness-resultant component or into replacement and richness-difference components. These are, respectively, the BAS (Baselga 2010, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 134–143) and POD (Podani & Schmera . Oikos, 120, 1625–1638) frameworks. * We conduct a systematic comparison of parallel components in alternative approaches. We test whether the replacement components derived from the BAS and POD frameworks are independent of richness difference. We also evaluate whether previously reported tests of monotonicity between indices and ecological processes are informative to assess the performance of indices. Finally, we illustrate the consequences of differences between the BAS and POD frameworks using the North American freshwater fish fauna as an empirical example. * In the BAS framework, the nestedness-resultant component (βjne or βsne) accounts only for richness differences derived from nested patterns while, in the POD framework, richness-difference dissimilarity (βrich or βrich.s) accounts for all kind of richness differences. Likewise, the replacement components of both alternative methods account for different concepts. Only the replacement component of the BAS framework (βjtu or βsim) is independent of richness difference, while the parallel component in the POD framework (β−3 or β−3.s) is not (i.e. it is mathematically constrained by richness difference). * Therefore, only the BAS framework allows separating (i) the variation in species composition derived from species replacement which is independent of richness difference (i.e. not mathematically constrained by it) and (ii) the variation in species composition derived from nested patterns.
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Canard, E. F., Mouquet, N., Mouillot, D., Stanko, M., Miklisova, D., & Gravel, D. (2014). Empirical Evaluation of Neutral Interactions in Host-Parasite Networks. American Naturalist, 183(4), 468–479.
Résumé: While niche-based processes have been invoked extensively to explain the structure of interaction networks, recent studies propose that neutrality could also be of great importance. Under the neutral hypothesis, network structure would simply emerge from random encounters between individuals and thus would be directly linked to species abundance. We investigated the impact of species abundance distributions on qualitative and quantitative metrics of 113 host-parasite networks. We analyzed the concordance between neutral expectations and empirical observations at interaction, species, and network levels. We found that species abundance accurately predicts network metrics at all levels. Despite host-parasite systems being constrained by physiology and immunology, our results suggest that neutrality could also explain, at least partially, their structure. We hypothesize that trait matching would determine potential interactions between species, while abundance would determine their realization.
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Leprieur, F., & Oikonomou, A. (2014). The need for richness-independent measures of turnover when delineating biogeographical regions. Journal of Biogeography, 41(2), 417–420.
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Loiseau, N., Legras, G., Gaertner, J. - C., Verley, P., Chabanet, P., & Mérigot, B. (2017). Performance of partitioning functional beta-diversity indices: Influence of functional representation and partitioning methods. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 26(6), 753–762.
Résumé: Aim Two frameworks (BASVIL and PODCAR), based on two different functional representations (ordination and dendrogram), have been proposed for partitioning overall functional beta diversity into two analogous components: turnover and nestedness-resultant dissimilarity, or replacement and difference of functional richness, respectively. We compared the two frameworks by testing the influence of functional representations and partitioning methods on the measurement of overall functional beta diversity and its components. Innovation We computed beta-diversity indices from the two frameworks on a set of communities simulated according to five scenarios of assembly: random, richness gradient, pure nestedness, pure turnover and mixed turnover/loss scenarios. To disentangle the effects of the partitioning approach and those of the functional representation on measurement of functional beta diversity, we also computed PODCAR indices in multidimensional space. Main conclusions BASVIL and PODCAR frameworks led to different results for overall functional beta diversity and their analogous partitioning components. Most of the difference between the two frameworks was due to the functional representation used. The goodness-of-fit measure (mean squared deviation, mSD) to assess the quality of functional spaces showed that the one computed on the basis of the dendrogram used in PODCAR remained lower than that of the functional ordination considered in BASVIL. In addition, only functional turnover derived from the BASVIL framework is independent of difference in functional richness. Finally, BASVIL measured functional variations derived from nested phenomena while PODCAR did not allow separation of this variation derived from richness difference. However, the sensitivity of BASVIL to functionally extreme species may make it difficult to know whether variations of the nestedness-resultant dissimilarity components are due to a turnover with few extreme species or a loss in functional richness. Particular attention with regard to the properties of the two frameworks is required before drawing conclusions regarding processes that structure communities.
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Loiseau, N., Legras, G., Kulbicki, M., Mérigot, B., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Mazouni, N., et al. (2017). Multi-component β-diversity approach reveals conservation dilemma between species and functions of coral reef fishes. J. Biogeogr., 44(3), 537–547.
Résumé: AimWe applied a multicomponent approach based on the decomposition of taxonomic (both presence-absence and abundance) and functional beta diversity to determine the influence of ecological factors in shaping spatial distribution diversity of coral reef fishes, and the implications for conservation decisions. LocationLagoons of ten atolls characterized by low human pressure but with contrasted geomorphology in the Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. MethodsWe computed beta diversities and their partitioning components, both at local (inter-transect, from 200m to 10km) and large (among atolls, from 22 to 350km) spatial scales. Null models were applied to test whether the observed beta diversity differed from random expectation. Multiple generalized dissimilarity models were run to test which environmental factors were the best predictors of observed beta diversities. ResultsBeta diversity was indistinguishable from randomness at both spatial scales. Species remained generally interchangeable among transects within an atoll and to some extent among atolls. However, strong deviance explained by models showed that the number of species, the number of individuals and functional traits present in transects and atolls were determined by deterministic factors (i.e. environmental factors). Modelling each beta diversity component separately also revealed partial mismatch among atolls and among species and functional dissimilarities. The influence of environmental variables strongly varied among atolls, species and functional dissimilarities. Main conclusionsBy revealing the spatial scaling of ecological factors and partial congruence among species and functional diversity, assessment of beta diversity provides insight into conservation planning. Our results support the idea that conservation planning applied to protect taxonomic diversity cannot be fully extended to functional diversity. We have addressed the dilemma of which diversity component should be favoured in conservation strategies.
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