Résumé: Species of the family Sternoptychidae (hatchetfishes) occur worldwide and play critical roles by sequestering carbon, recycling nutrients, and acting as a key trophic link between epipelagic primary consumers and higher trophic levels in marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, basic knowledge on their ecology is still lacking and their functional ecology remains understudied with respect to composition, organization, functions and environment interactions. Here we integrated comprehensive information collected in the western Tropical Atlantic on the diversity, abundance, distribution and trophic ecology of hatchetfishes, including physicochemical features of their habitats and extensive carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data on its main prey groups. On this basis we defined five functional groups of hatchetfishes with different diet preference, isotopic composition, and vertical abundance peaks and reveal a possible high resource partitioning. Additionally, these species might have a different feeding tie chronology. Hence, hatchetfishes segregate in different ecological groups responding differently to environmental constraints including oxygen concentration and presenting diverse functional roles. As deep-sea species that migrate to epipelagic waters, hatchetfishes may play a key role in the transfer of subsurface photoassimilated carbon to deeper waters, a pathway through which the effects of climate change at the surface are transferred to the deep ocean. Moreover, as consumers of gelatinous organisms, these species convert “gelatinous energy” into “fish energy” readily usable by higher trophic levels, including endangered and commercially important species. This is a crucial trophic relationship that has been historically underestimated due to methodology limitations (e.g., quickly digested gelatinous organisms were probably underestimated in previous studies, based solely on stomach contents). Considering in ecosystem models this trophic relationship, as well as the functional organization of hatchetfishes, is important to properly answer key ecological questions including resource use, carbon transportation, and influence of mesopelagic community in climate change process.

Résumé: Compared with other ocean basins, little is known scientifically about the seamounts in the Indian Ocean. Nonetheless, fishers have plundered these fragile ecosystems for decades, and now mining is becoming a reality. We introduce a multidisciplinary project referred to as MAD-Ridge that recently focused on three shallow seamounts in the South West Indian Ocean between 19 degrees S and 34 degrees S. The larger Walters Shoal (summit at 18 m) discovered in 1963 occupies the southern part of the Madagascar Ridge and has long received attention from the fishing industry, and only recently by scientists. In contrast, nothing is known of the northern region of the ridge, which is characterised by a prominent, steep-sided seamount that has a flat circular summit at 240 m and width of similar to 20 km. This seamount is some 200 km south of Madagascar and unnamed; it is referred to here as the MAD-Ridge seamount. MAD-Ridge is the shallowest of a constellation of five deeper (>1200 m) seamounts on that part of the ridge, all within the EEZ of Madagascar. It lies in a highly dynamic region at the end of the East Madagascar Current, where mesoscale eddies are produced continuously, typically as dipoles. The Madagascar Ridge appears to be an area of great productivity, as suggested by the foraging behaviour of some tropical seabirds during chick-rearing and a longline fishery that operates there. The third seamount, La Perouse, is located between Reunion Island and Madagascar. With a summit 60 m below the sea surface, La Perouse is distinct from MAD-Ridge and Walters Shoal; it is a solitary pinnacle surrounded by deep abyssal plains and positioned in an oligotrophic region with low mesoscale activities. The overall aim of the MAD-Ridge project was to examine the flow structures induced by the abrupt topographies, and to evaluate whether biological responses could be detected that better explain the observed increased in fish and top predator biomasses. The MAD-Ridge project comprised a multidisciplinary team of senior and early career scientists, along with postgraduate students from France, South Africa, Mauritius and Madagascar. The investigation was based around three cruises using the French vessels RV Antea (35 m) and RV Marion Dufresne (120 m) in September 2016 (La Perouse), November-December 2016 (MAD-Ridge) and May 2017 (Walters Shoal). This manuscript presents the rationale for the MAD-Ridge project, the background, a description of the research approach including the cruises, and a synopsis of the results gathered in the papers published in this Special Issue.