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Alfonso, S., Blanc, M., Joassard, L., Keiter, S. H., Munschy, C., Loizeau, V., et al. (2019). Examining multi- and transgenerational behavioral and molecular alterations resulting from parental exposure to an environmental PCB and PBDE mixture. Aquat. Toxicol., 208, 29–38.
Résumé: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants extensively used during the 20th century and still present in aquatic environments despite their ban. Effects of exposure to these compounds over generations are poorly documented. Therefore, our aims were to characterize behavioral responses and underlying molecular mechanisms in zebrafish exposed to an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs and PBDEs as well as in four unexposed offspring generations. Zebrafish (F0) were chronically exposed from the first meal onward to a diet spiked with a mixture containing 22 PCB and 7 PBDE congeners in proportions and concentrations reflecting environmental situations (Sigma PCBs = 1991 and Sigma PBDEs = 411 ng/g). Four offspring generations (F1 to F4) were obtained from this F0 and were not further exposed. Behavior was assessed at both larval and adult stages. Mechanisms related to behavioral defects (habenula maturation and c-fos transcription) and methylation (dnmts transcription) were monitored in larvae. Exposed adult F0 as well as F1 and F3 adults displayed no behavioral change while F2 expressed anxiety-like behavior. Larval behavior was also disrupted, Le. hyperactive after light to dark transition in F1 or hypoactive in F2, F3 and F4. Behavioral disruptions may be related to defect in habenula maturation (observed in F1) and change in c-fos transcription (observed in F1 and F2). Transcription of the gene encoding DNA methyltransferase (dnmt3ba) was also modified in all generations. Our results lead us to hypothesize that chronic dietary exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of PCB and PBDE triggers multigenerational and transgenerational molecular and behavioral disruptions in a vertebrate model.
Mots-Clés: adult zebrafish; Behavior; brominated flame retardants; developmental exposure; dietary-exposure; embryonic exposure; Epigenetic; Gene transcription; global dna methylation; left-right asymmetry; Offspring; Parental exposure; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; polychlorinated-biphenyls pcbs; Zebrafish; zebrafish danio-rerio
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Anastasiadi, D., Vandeputte, M., Sánchez-Baizán, N., Allal, F., & Piferrer, F. (2018). Dynamic epimarks in sex-related genes predict gonad phenotype in the European sea bass, a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination. Epigenetics, 13(9), 988–1011.
Résumé: The integration of genomic and environmental influences into methylation patterns to bring about a phenotype is of central interest in developmental epigenetics, but many details are still unclear. The sex ratios of the species used here, the European sea bass, are determined by genetic and temperature influences. We created four families from parents known to produce offspring with different sex ratios, exposed larvae to masculinizing temperatures and examined, in juvenile gonads, the DNA methylation of seven genes related to sexual development by a targeted sequencing approach. The genes most affected by both genetics and environment were cyp19a1a and dmrt1, with contrasting sex-specific methylation and temperature responses. The relationship between cyp19a1a methylation and expression is relevant to the epigenetic regulation of vertebrate sex, and we report the evidence of such relationship only below a methylation threshold, 80%, and that it was sex-specific: negatively correlated in females but positively correlated in males. From parents to offspring, the methylation in gonads was midway between oocytes and sperm, with bias towards oocytes for amh-r2, er-β2, fsh-r and cyp19a1a. In contrast, dmrt1 levels resembled those of sperm. The methylation of individual CpGs from foxl2, er-β2 and nr3c1 were conserved from parents to offspring, whereas those of cyp19a1a, dmrt1 and amh-r2 were affected by temperature. Utilizing a machine-learning procedure based on the methylation levels of a selected set of CpGs, we present the first, to our knowledge, system based on epigenetic marks capable of predicting sex in an animal with 90% accuracy and discuss possible applications.
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L'Honore, T., Farcy, E., Chatain, B., Gros, R., Ruelle, F., Hermet, S., et al. (2019). Are European sea bass as euryhaline as expected? Intraspecific variation in freshwater tolerance. Mar. Biol., 166(8), 102.
Résumé: In teleosts, the regulation of hydromineral balance has a direct impact on several physiological functions, biochemical processes, and can influence behaviour, distribution and survival. As European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax undertake seasonal migrations from seawater (SW) to brackish, estuarine and fresh water (FW) in their habitat, this study investigates their capacity to tolerate fresh water and explores intraspecific variations in physiological responses. Juvenile D. labrax were transferred from SW to FW at various ages. Freshwater-tolerant and non-tolerant phenotypes were discriminated according to behavioural and morphological characteristics. About 30% of the fish exposed to FW were identified as freshwater intolerant following FW challenges performed at different ages. Interestingly, intolerant fish exhibited the same phenotypic traits: erratic swimming, lower speed, isolation from the shoal and darker colour. Freshwater-intolerant fish were also characterised by a significant lower blood osmolality compared to tolerant fish, and significantly lower Na+/K+-ATPase alpha 1a expression in the posterior kidney. An imbalance in ion regulatory mechanisms was further confirmed by a blood Na+/Cl- ratio imbalance observed in some freshwater-intolerant fish. The analysis of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression levels in gills and kidney revealed significant differences between freshwater-intolerant and -tolerant fish in both organs, suggesting differential stress-related responses. This study clearly shows an intraspecific difference in the responses following FW transfer with a decreased renal ion uptake capacity as a major cause for freshwater intolerance.
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