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Cozzoli, F., da Conceicao, T. G., Van Dalen, J., Fang, X., Gjoni, V., Herman, P. M. J., et al. (2020). Biological and physical drivers of bio-mediated sediment resuspension: A flume study on Cerastoderma edule. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 241, 106824.
Résumé: Predictive models accounting for the effect of bioturbation on sediment resuspension must be based on ecological theory as well as on empirical parametrization. The scaling trend of individual metabolic and activity rates with body mass may be a key to the mechanistic understanding of the observed patterns. With this study we tested if general size scaling rules in bio-mediated sediment resuspension may apply to a broad range of physical contexts for the endobenthic bivalve Cerastoderma edule. The effect on sediment resuspension of populations of C. edule differing by individual size was measured across physical gradients of current velocity and sediment composition in terms of fraction of fine particles. C. edule were able to enhance the resuspension of sediment containing silt, while they had scarce effect on the resuspension of coarse sediment. The effect of bioturbation was maximal at intermediate current velocity, when the hydrodynamic forcing is not strong enough to overcome the abiotic sediment resistance but it is able to suspend the bioturbated sediment. Although differences in sediment silt content and intensities of hydrodynamic stress have a relevant influence in determining the bioturbators individual contribution to sediment resuspension, the observed mass scaling trend is consistent across all treatments and close to theoretical expectation for size scaling of individual metabolic rates. This observation supports the hypothesis that the contribution of individual bioturbators to sediment resuspension is directly related to their energy use. Therefore, the proposed approach allows the formulation of expectations of biotic contribution to sediment resuspension based on the general size scaling laws of individual energy use.
Mots-Clés: Allometry; benthic macroinvertebrates; Bioturbation; bivalves scrobicularia-plana; Body size; Cerastoderma edule; cohesive sediment; Cohesiveness; cross-community approach; current-velocity; ecosystem engineers; metabolic theory; mortality responses; noncohesive sediments; nutrient fluxes; Sediment resuspension
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Kopf, R. K., Yen, J. D. L., Nimmo, D. G., Brosse, S., & Villeger, S. (2021). Global patterns and predictors of trophic position, body size and jaw size in fishes. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 30(2), 414–428.
Résumé: Aim The aim of this study was test whether maximum body mass and jaw length are reliable predictors of trophic position (TP) in fishes, and to compare linear and nonlinear machine-learning (ML) models incorporating biogeography, habitat and other morphological traits. Location Global. Time period Modern. Major taxa studied Fishes. Methods We compiled a global database of TP (2.0-4.5), maximum body mass, jaw length, order, ecoregion, habitat and other morphological traits of freshwater, estuarine and diadromous fishes (n = 1,991). We used Bayesian linear mixed effects and ML, with r(2) analogues and 10-fold cross-validation, to explain and predict TP. Results Random forest models outperformed Bayesian models in all comparisons. Jaw length was the most influential predictor of TP, but was weakly associated with body mass except in five orders of largely piscivorous fishes. Trophic position did not scale positively with body mass in global ecoregions, riverine fishes, or in 29/30 orders, but scaled positively in lacustrine fishes and Perciformes. Significant negative TP-body mass scaling was observed in Characiformes. Best models explained 55% of the global variation in TP, but over-estimated the position of herbivores-detritivores, and under-estimated the position of top predators. Main conclusions Our study provides support for jaw length as an important mechanism constraining TP in one of the world's largest groups of vertebrates. Jaw length and body mass were weakly correlated, and therefore body size was not a strong predictor of TP. The diversification of large-bodied herbivores-detritivores and omnivores in freshwater ecosystems, coupled with small predators in species-rich orders (e.g., Cypriniformes, Characiformes) in temperate and tropical rivers explains why TP globally shows a weak relationship with body size. Our model validation results underscore the importance of not assuming that explanatory power extends to predictive capacity in macroecology and machine-learning models.
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