Résumé: The Bay of Bengal has been suffering from increasing frequency of large-scale die-off events for the past decades. Most frequently, these events are attributed to high-speed human development and its harmful effects on environment, which is nevertheless, the biggest challenges currently faced by the world. Increasing urbanization, environmental pollution and climate change are leading to unsustainable ecosystem exploitation and raising health and disease management challenges. Considerable modulations in major ecosystems and major disturbances in the global food chain are some of the most significant consequences of this uncontrolled urbanization. Global warming and El Nino events are few particular phenomena that drive mass deterioration of terrestrial foliages and fauna as well as aquatic organisms, respectively. We here review and discuss the die-off events occurring in the Bay of Bengal for the last decades as well as all the data obtained from the analyses of such events to provide a future perspective on potential management and monitoring strategies directed towards the protection of the flora and fauna of several major ecosystems from such die-off events.

Résumé: Dimitri Theuerkauff, Georgina A. Rivera-Ingraham, Jonathan A.C. Roques, Laurence Azzopardi, Marine Bertini, Mathilde Lejeune, Emilie Farcy, Jehan-Herve Lignot, and Elliott Sucre (2018) Salinity is one of the main environmental factors determining coastal species distribution. However, in the specific case of mangrove crabs, salinity selection cannot be understood through ecological approaches alone. Yet understanding this issue is crucial in the context of mangrove conservation, since this ecosystem is often used as biofilter of (low-salinity) wastewater. Crabs are keystone species in this mangrove ecosystem and are differentially affected by salinity. We hypothesize that crab salinity selection may be partly explained by specific salinity-induced physiological constraints associated with osmoregulation, energy and redox homeostasis. To test this, the response to salinity variation was analysed in two landward mangrove crabs: the fiddler crab Tubuca urvillei, which inhabits low-salinity areas of the mangrove, and the red mangrove crab Neosarmatium meinerti, which lives in areas with higher salinity. Results confirm that both species are strong hypo-/hyper-osmoregulators that deal easily with large salinity variations. Such shifts in salinity do not induce changes in energy expenditure (measured as oxygen consumption) or in the production of reactive oxygen species. However, T. urvillei is physiologically suited to habitats with brackish water, since it presents i) high hemolymph osmolalities over a wider range of salinities and lower osmoregulatory capacity in seawater, ii) high Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in the posterior osmoregulatory gills and iii) a thicker osmoregulatory epithelium along the posterior gill lamellae. Therefore, while environmental salinity alone cannot directly explain fiddler and red mangrove crab distributions, our data suggest that salinity selection is indeed influenced by specific physiological adjustments.

Résumé: In order to better understand the variable sensitivities of crustaceans to metals, we investigated the impact of cadmium exposure in 3 populations of Gammarus fossarum from different rivers of France. The first population lives in a Cd-contaminated river from a geochemical background, while the others inhabit Cd-free sites. Osmoregulation, a relevant biomarker to evaluate crustacean health following metal contamination, was used as a proxy to evaluate the intra- and inter-populationnal sensitivities to Cd. Specimens from each population were experimentally exposed to 9 μg Cd2+/L Cd for 7 days and hemolymph osmolality (HO) was then individually measured. In exposed populations, high inter-individual variations in HO values were noted, resulting in their separation into non-impacted and slightly or highly Cd-impacted (with lower HO) animals. In gills of impacted organisms, deep histopathological alterations and protein overexpression of Na+/K+-ATPase and V-H+-ATPase were observed through histology and immunolocalization, while non-impacted animals showed profiles comparable to controls. Moreover, the osmoregulatory processes in the population living in the Cd-contaminated site were impacted by acute Cd exposure in the laboratory as much as for one of the two populations originating from Cd-free sites. The observed changes did not reveal any obvious adaptive osmoregulatory phenomena at the population scale, but they may be due to differences in fitness between individuals and between populations in relation to the features of their respective environments, unrelated with the presence of the metal.

Résumé: Osmoregulation is by no means an energetically cheap process, and its costs have been extensively quantified in terms of respiration and aerobic metabolism. Common products of mitochondrial activity are reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which may cause oxidative stress by degrading key cell components, while playing essential roles in cell homeostasis. Given the delicate equilibrium between pro- and antioxidants in fueling acclimation responses, the need for a thorough understanding of the relationship between salinity-induced oxidative stress and osmoregulation arises as an important issue, especially in the context of global changes and anthropogenic impacts on coastal habitats. This is especially urgent for intertidal/estuarine organisms, which may be subject to drastic salinity and habitat changes, leading to redox imbalance. How do osmoregulation strategies determine energy expenditure, and how do these processes affect organisms in terms of oxidative stress? What mechanisms are used to cope with salinity-induced oxidative stress? This Commentary aims to highlight the main gaps in our knowledge, covering all levels of organization. From an energy-redox perspective, we discuss the link between environmental salinity changes and physiological responses at different levels of biological organization. Future studies should seek to provide a detailed understanding of the relationship between osmoregulatory strategies and redox metabolism, thereby informing conservation physiologists and allowing them to tackle the new challenges imposed by global climate change.

Résumé: Osmoregulating decapods such as the Mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii possess two groups of spatially segregated gills: anterior gills serve mainly respiratory purposes, while posterior gills contain osmoregulatory structures. The co-existence of similar tissues serving different functions allows the study of differential adaptation, in terms of free radical metabolism, upon salinity change. Crabs were immersed for 2 weeks in seawater (SW, 37 ppt), diluted SW (dSW, 10 ppt) and concentrated SW (cSW, 45 ppt). Exposure to dSW was the most challenging condition, elevating respiration rates of whole animals and free radical formation in hemolymph (assessed fluorometrically using C-H(2)DFFDA). Further analyses considered anterior and posterior gills separately, and the results showed that posterior gills are the main tissues fueling osmoregulatory-related processes because their respiration rates in dSW were 3.2-fold higher than those of anterior gills, and this was accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial density (citrate synthase activity) and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (1.4-fold greater, measured through electron paramagnetic resonance). Paradoxically, these posterior gills showed undisturbed caspase 3/7 activity, used here as a marker for apoptosis. This may only be due to the high antioxidant protection that posterior gills benefit from [superoxide dismutase (SOD) in posterior gills was over 6 times higher than in anterior gills]. In conclusion, osmoregulating posterior gills are better adapted to dSW exposure than respiratory anterior gills because they are capable of controlling the deleterious effects of the ROS production resulting from this salinity-induced stress.

Résumé: The effect of abrupt and 5-day gradual salinity transfers from freshwater (FW) to 11 ‰ Caspian Sea brackish water (BW) was investigated in juvenile Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus with three different weight groups: 1–2 g (1.62 ± 0.27 g), 2–3 g (2.55 ± 0.41 g) and 3–5 g (4.28 ± 0.76 g). Mortality rates, blood osmotic pressure, gill morphology and branchial Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) activity were measured 4 and 10 days after abrupt transfer and 9 and 15 days after the initial gradual transfer (i.e. 4 and 10 days after reaching Caspian Sea salinity). Fish under 3 g could not survive increased salinity, and the blood osmotic pressure of the remaining surviving fish increased and remained elevated. However, heavier fish were able to survive and successfully acclimate, even to rapid salinity change with osmotic pressure reduced to Caspian Sea osmolality levels. At the gill level, the developmental increase in chloride cell volume and a higher NKA content most probably allow juveniles weighing more than 2 g to sharply increase NKA activity if the fish are transferred to BW. The rapid chloride cell proliferation occurring with increased salinity should strengthen this acclimation response. Therefore, a drastic physiological change occurs when fish weigh more than 2 g that allows migration to higher salinities. The triggering signal on chloride cells must be further investigated in order to optimize this functional step.

Résumé: Clay consumption is a spontaneous behavior currently observed in animals and humans, particularly during undernutrition. Often regarded as intestinal care products, ingested clays also enhance food efficiency, notably by increasing intestinal lipid uptake. Clay complementation could then optimize the reconstitution of energy reserves in animals with low lipid stocks consecutive to intensive fasting. The aim of this study was therefore to observe the effects of voluntarily kaolinite complementation during the refeeding of fasted rats to determine whether body mass, food uptake, lipid and mineral contents as intestinal morphology and protein profile were modified. This study examined two types of refeeding experiments after prolonged fasting. Firstly, rats with ad libitum access to food were compared to rats with ad libitum access to food and kaolinite pellets. Animals were randomly put into the different groups when the third phase of fasting (phase III) reached by each individual was detected. In a second set of experiments, rats starting phase III were refed with free access to food and kaolinite pellets. When animals had regained their body mass prior to fasting, they were euthanized for chemical, morphological, and proteomic analyses. Although kaolinite ingestion did not change the time needed for regaining prefasting body mass, daily food ingestion was seen to decrease by 6.8% compared with normally refed rats, without affecting lipid composition. Along the intestinal lining, enterocytes of complemented animals contained abundant lipid droplets and a structural modification of the brushborder was observed. Moreover, the expression of two apolipoproteins involved in lipid transport and satiety (ApoA-I and ApoA-IV) increased in complemented rats. These results suggest that kaolinite complementation favors intestinal nutrient absorption during refeeding despite reduced food uptake. Within the intestinal lumen, clay particles could increase the passive absorption capacity and/or nutrient availability that induce mucosal morphological changes. Therefore, clay ingestion appears to be beneficial for individuals undergoing extreme nutritional conditions such as refeeding and limited food supplies.

Résumé: The digestive system is the interface between the supply of food for an animal and the demand for energy and nutrients to maintain the body, to grow, and to reproduce. Digestive systems are not morphologically static but rather dynamically respond to changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the diet and the level of food intake. In this article, we discuss three themes that affect the ability of an animal to alter digestive function in relation to novel substrates and changing food supply: (1) the fermentative digestion in herbivores, (2) the integration of cardiopulmonary and digestive functions, and (3) the evolution of dietary specialization. Herbivores consume, digest, and detoxify complex diets by using a wide variety of enzymes expressed by bacteria, predominantly in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Carnivores, such as snakes that feed intermittently, sometimes process very large meals that require compensatory adjustments in blood flow, acid secretion, and regulation of acid-base homeostasis. Snakes and birds that specialize in simple diets of prey or nectar retain their ability to digest a wider selection of prey. The digestive system continues to be of interest to comparative physiologists because of its plasticity, both phenotypic and evolutionary, and because of its widespread integration with other physiological systems, including thermoregulation, circulation, ventilation, homeostasis, immunity, and reproduction.